How Subsea Robotics Are Transforming Underwater Archaeological Surveying in 2025: Unveiling New Depths, Technologies, and Market Opportunities for the Next Five Years

Executive Summary: Key Trends and Market Drivers in 2025
Market Size and Forecast: 2025–2030 Projections
Technological Innovations in Subsea Robotics for Archaeology
Leading Manufacturers and Solution Providers
Case Studies: Recent Underwater Discoveries Enabled by Robotics
Integration of AI, Imaging, and Data Analytics
Regulatory Landscape and Industry Standards
Challenges: Operational, Environmental, and Ethical Considerations
Investment, Funding, and Collaboration Initiatives
Future Outlook: Emerging Opportunities and Strategic Recommendations
Sources & References

Executive Summary: Key Trends and Market Drivers in 2025

The year 2025 marks a pivotal period for subsea robotics in underwater archaeological surveying, driven by rapid technological advancements, increased funding for heritage preservation, and growing collaboration between robotics manufacturers and archaeological institutions. The integration of autonomous and remotely operated vehicles (AUVs and ROVs) is transforming the efficiency, safety, and scope of underwater archaeological missions, enabling access to previously unreachable sites and the collection of high-resolution data with minimal human risk.

Key industry players such as Saab, with its Seaeye line of ROVs, and Teledyne Marine, a leader in subsea imaging and navigation systems, are at the forefront of supplying advanced robotics platforms tailored for archaeological applications. These companies are equipping their vehicles with state-of-the-art sonar, photogrammetry, and laser scanning technologies, allowing for detailed mapping and documentation of submerged cultural heritage. Saab’s Seaeye Falcon and Tiger ROVs, for example, have been deployed in numerous archaeological projects due to their maneuverability and modular sensor payloads.

The adoption of machine learning and AI-driven data processing is another significant trend, enabling faster interpretation of vast datasets generated during surveys. This is particularly relevant as archaeological sites become more complex and data-intensive. Companies like Kongsberg are integrating AI capabilities into their subsea vehicles, enhancing object recognition and automated anomaly detection, which streamlines the identification of artifacts and site features.

Market drivers in 2025 include increased governmental and international funding for underwater cultural heritage protection, as seen in initiatives supported by UNESCO and national agencies. The growing threat of climate change and human activity to submerged sites is prompting urgent survey and documentation efforts, further fueling demand for advanced subsea robotics. Additionally, the decreasing cost and increasing reliability of compact AUVs and ROVs are making these technologies accessible to a broader range of research institutions and smaller archaeological teams.

Looking ahead, the next few years are expected to see further miniaturization of subsea robots, improved battery life, and enhanced real-time data transmission capabilities. Industry leaders such as Teledyne Marine and Kongsberg are investing in modular, scalable platforms that can be rapidly adapted to diverse archaeological missions. The convergence of robotics, AI, and advanced sensor technologies is set to redefine best practices in underwater archaeology, making surveys more comprehensive, non-invasive, and cost-effective than ever before.

Market Size and Forecast: 2025–2030 Projections

The market for subsea robotics in underwater archaeological surveying is poised for significant growth between 2025 and 2030, driven by technological advancements, increased funding for heritage preservation, and expanding offshore infrastructure projects that necessitate archaeological assessments. While the broader subsea robotics sector—encompassing remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), and hybrid systems—serves industries such as oil & gas, defense, and marine research, a distinct and growing segment is dedicated to archaeological applications.

As of 2025, the global subsea robotics market is estimated to be valued at several billion USD, with underwater archaeological surveying representing a niche but rapidly expanding subset. The demand is fueled by government mandates for cultural heritage protection, particularly in Europe and Asia, where offshore wind and infrastructure projects intersect with historically significant seabeds. For example, the United Kingdom’s regulatory framework requires archaeological surveys prior to offshore construction, directly stimulating demand for advanced subsea robotics.

Key industry players such as Saab (manufacturer of the Seaeye ROV series), Kongsberg (renowned for its HUGIN AUVs), and Teledyne Marine (offering a range of subsea vehicles and sensors) are actively developing and supplying systems tailored for archaeological missions. These companies are integrating high-resolution sonar, photogrammetry, and AI-driven data analysis to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of underwater site documentation. Saab’s Seaeye Falcon, for instance, has been deployed in multiple archaeological projects due to its maneuverability and modular sensor payloads.

From 2025 to 2030, the market is projected to experience a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) in the high single digits for archaeological applications, outpacing some traditional subsea sectors. This is attributed to the increasing accessibility of compact, cost-effective AUVs and ROVs, as well as the proliferation of collaborative projects between academic institutions, government agencies, and private sector operators. The adoption of cloud-based data management and real-time remote operation is expected to further lower operational barriers and expand the user base.

Looking ahead, the outlook for subsea robotics in underwater archaeological surveying is robust. The convergence of regulatory drivers, technological innovation, and international collaboration is set to unlock new opportunities for market participants. Companies like Kongsberg and Teledyne Marine are well-positioned to capture this growth, given their established track records and ongoing investment in R&D. As more nations recognize the value of submerged cultural heritage, the demand for advanced subsea robotics solutions is expected to accelerate through 2030.

Technological Innovations in Subsea Robotics for Archaeology

The field of underwater archaeological surveying is undergoing a significant transformation in 2025, driven by rapid advancements in subsea robotics. Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) and Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) are now central to archaeological missions, enabling access to previously unreachable sites and providing high-resolution data with minimal disturbance to fragile environments.

A key innovation is the integration of advanced sensor suites, including multi-beam sonar, sub-bottom profilers, and ultra-high-definition imaging systems. These technologies allow for detailed mapping and 3D reconstruction of submerged sites. For example, Saab, a leader in underwater robotics, has continued to enhance its Seaeye line of ROVs with modular payloads tailored for archaeological work, such as precision manipulators and photogrammetry packages. Similarly, Kongsberg has expanded its HUGIN AUV series, which are widely used for deepwater archaeological surveys due to their endurance and ability to carry multiple sensors simultaneously.

Recent projects have demonstrated the effectiveness of these platforms. In 2024 and early 2025, collaborative expeditions in the Mediterranean and Black Sea have utilized AUVs equipped with synthetic aperture sonar and laser scanning to uncover and document ancient shipwrecks at depths exceeding 2,000 meters. These missions, often conducted in partnership with academic institutions and heritage organizations, highlight the growing role of robotics in non-intrusive site documentation and artifact preservation.

Another notable trend is the adoption of machine learning algorithms for real-time data processing and anomaly detection. Companies like Teledyne Marine are integrating AI-driven analytics into their vehicle control and data management systems, enabling faster identification of archaeological features and reducing post-mission analysis time. This is particularly valuable for large-scale surveys where manual review of terabytes of sonar and image data would be prohibitive.

Looking ahead, the outlook for subsea robotics in underwater archaeology is highly promising. The continued miniaturization of sensors and improvements in battery technology are expected to further extend mission durations and lower operational costs. Additionally, the development of hybrid vehicles—capable of both autonomous and remotely operated modes—by companies such as Oceaneering International is set to provide archaeologists with greater flexibility in complex or hazardous environments.

As these innovations mature, subsea robotics will play an increasingly vital role in safeguarding underwater cultural heritage, enabling discoveries that were once beyond reach and ensuring that documentation is both comprehensive and minimally invasive.

Leading Manufacturers and Solution Providers

The field of subsea robotics for underwater archaeological surveying is rapidly advancing, with several leading manufacturers and solution providers driving innovation and deployment in 2025 and the coming years. These companies are developing remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), and integrated sensor systems tailored for the unique challenges of archaeological exploration beneath the sea.

Among the most prominent players is Saab AB, whose Seaeye division is renowned for its versatile ROVs. The Seaeye Falcon and Seaeye Sabertooth platforms are frequently used in archaeological missions due to their maneuverability, modular payload options, and ability to operate in confined or complex environments. Saab’s systems are equipped with high-definition imaging, sonar, and manipulator arms, enabling delicate interaction with fragile artifacts.

Another key provider is Teledyne Marine, a conglomerate of technology companies specializing in subsea imaging, navigation, and communication. Teledyne’s Gavia AUV and BlueView sonar systems are widely adopted for archaeological site mapping, offering high-resolution 3D imaging and precise georeferencing. Their modular approach allows integration of specialized sensors for photogrammetry and sediment analysis, critical for non-invasive archaeological documentation.

In the United States, Ocean Explorer (OEX) is gaining recognition for its compact, user-friendly ROVs designed for academic and heritage applications. OEX’s systems emphasize ease of deployment and real-time data streaming, making them suitable for collaborative international projects and rapid-response surveys.

The Norwegian company Kongsberg Gruppen is a global leader in marine robotics, with its HUGIN AUV series setting industry standards for deepwater archaeological surveys. Kongsberg’s vehicles are equipped with advanced multibeam echosounders, sub-bottom profilers, and synthetic aperture sonar, enabling the detection and mapping of buried or obscured sites. Their technology has been instrumental in recent discoveries of ancient shipwrecks and submerged settlements.

Emerging solution providers such as DeepOcean are also entering the archaeological sector, leveraging their expertise in offshore energy and infrastructure inspection. DeepOcean offers integrated survey packages combining robotics, data analytics, and cloud-based reporting, streamlining the workflow from field acquisition to heritage management.

Looking ahead, these manufacturers are investing in AI-driven autonomy, miniaturization, and enhanced sensor fusion to further improve the efficiency and safety of underwater archaeological missions. The next few years are expected to see increased collaboration between technology providers, research institutions, and cultural heritage organizations, fostering the development of specialized solutions for the preservation and study of underwater cultural resources.

Case Studies: Recent Underwater Discoveries Enabled by Robotics

In recent years, subsea robotics have played a transformative role in underwater archaeological surveying, enabling the discovery and documentation of submerged cultural heritage sites with unprecedented precision and efficiency. The period leading into 2025 has seen a surge in the deployment of advanced remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) for archaeological missions, driven by technological advancements and growing collaboration between marine technology companies and research institutions.

One notable case is the ongoing exploration of ancient shipwrecks in the Mediterranean, where AUVs equipped with high-resolution sonar and photogrammetry systems have mapped sites previously inaccessible to divers. In 2023, a collaborative project involving the Hellenic Ministry of Culture and leading subsea robotics manufacturer Saab utilized the Sabertooth hybrid AUV/ROV to survey the Antikythera shipwreck. The Sabertooth’s ability to operate untethered at depths exceeding 1,200 meters allowed researchers to generate detailed 3D models of the wreck and recover delicate artifacts with minimal disturbance to the site.

Similarly, in 2024, the Black Sea Maritime Archaeology Project leveraged the advanced capabilities of Kongsberg’s HUGIN AUVs to discover and document over 60 shipwrecks, some dating back to the Classical era. The HUGIN’s integrated synthetic aperture sonar and sub-bottom profiler enabled the identification of buried structures and cargo, providing new insights into ancient trade routes and shipbuilding techniques. Kongsberg’s technology is widely recognized for its reliability and high data fidelity, making it a preferred choice for deepwater archaeological surveys.

In North America, Oceaneering International has supported several underwater heritage projects using its Magnum and Millennium Plus ROVs. In 2025, these systems were instrumental in the survey and partial excavation of a 19th-century steamboat wreck in the Mississippi River, where strong currents and low visibility had previously hampered traditional methods. The ROVs’ manipulator arms and real-time video feeds enabled precise artifact recovery and site mapping, while minimizing environmental impact.

Looking ahead, the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning into subsea robotics is expected to further enhance the efficiency and accuracy of underwater archaeological surveys. Companies such as Saab and Kongsberg are actively developing autonomous mission planning and real-time data analysis tools, which will allow for more adaptive and targeted exploration. As these technologies mature, the next few years are likely to yield even more significant discoveries, expanding our understanding of submerged cultural heritage worldwide.

Integration of AI, Imaging, and Data Analytics

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI), advanced imaging, and data analytics is rapidly transforming subsea robotics for underwater archaeological surveying as of 2025. These technologies are enabling more efficient, accurate, and non-invasive exploration of submerged cultural heritage sites, addressing challenges such as limited visibility, complex terrain, and the vastness of unexplored underwater environments.

AI-driven autonomy is a key trend, with subsea robots—such as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs)—increasingly capable of adaptive mission planning, real-time decision-making, and anomaly detection. For example, AUVs equipped with machine learning algorithms can autonomously identify potential archaeological features or artifacts from sonar and optical data, reducing the need for constant human supervision and enabling broader area coverage in a single deployment. Companies like Saab (manufacturer of the Sabertooth hybrid AUV/ROV) and Kongsberg Maritime (developer of the HUGIN AUV series) are at the forefront, integrating AI modules for object recognition and adaptive navigation.

Imaging technologies have also advanced significantly. High-resolution multibeam sonar, synthetic aperture sonar, and photogrammetry are now standard on many subsea robotic platforms, allowing for the creation of detailed 3D models of shipwrecks and submerged structures. These models are essential for both documentation and conservation planning. Blue Robotics and Teledyne Marine supply imaging and sensor payloads that are widely adopted in archaeological missions, offering modularity and compatibility with various robotic platforms.

Data analytics platforms are increasingly being used to process the vast amounts of information collected during surveys. Cloud-based solutions and edge computing allow for rapid data fusion, visualization, and sharing among interdisciplinary teams. This is particularly important for collaborative international projects and for ensuring compliance with heritage protection protocols. Organizations such as Oceaneering International are developing integrated data management systems that streamline the workflow from data acquisition to interpretation.

Looking ahead, the next few years are expected to see further convergence of AI, imaging, and analytics, with subsea robots becoming more autonomous and capable of real-time site assessment. The adoption of open data standards and interoperable software will facilitate broader collaboration and accelerate discoveries. As these technologies mature, underwater archaeological surveying will become more accessible, cost-effective, and sustainable, opening new frontiers in the study and preservation of submerged cultural heritage.

Regulatory Landscape and Industry Standards

The regulatory landscape for subsea robotics in underwater archaeological surveying is evolving rapidly as technological capabilities outpace existing frameworks. In 2025, the sector is shaped by a combination of international conventions, national legislation, and emerging industry standards, all aimed at balancing technological innovation with the protection of underwater cultural heritage.

At the international level, the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001) remains the cornerstone, setting out principles for the preservation of submerged archaeological sites and regulating activities such as excavation and artifact recovery. The Convention encourages the use of non-intrusive survey methods, a role increasingly filled by advanced subsea robotics, including Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) and Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs). As of 2025, over 70 countries have ratified the Convention, and its guidelines are widely referenced in national permitting processes.

National regulatory frameworks vary, but most coastal states require permits for underwater archaeological work, with specific provisions for the use of robotic systems. For example, the United Kingdom’s Marine Management Organisation and Historic England oversee licensing and best practices for subsea surveys, while the United States’ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the National Park Service regulate activities in federal waters. These agencies increasingly reference standards for robotic operations, such as those developed by the International Marine Contractors Association (IMCA), which provides guidelines for the safe and effective use of ROVs and AUVs in marine environments.

Industry standards are also being shaped by leading subsea robotics manufacturers and operators. Companies like Saab (through its Seaeye division), Oceaneering International, and Fugro are actively involved in developing and adhering to protocols for data integrity, environmental protection, and operational safety. These organizations often collaborate with regulatory bodies and heritage agencies to ensure that their technologies meet or exceed legal and ethical requirements.

Looking ahead, the next few years are expected to see increased harmonization of standards, particularly as cross-border projects and multinational research initiatives become more common. The adoption of digital data management protocols, such as those promoted by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), is likely to become standard practice, ensuring that data collected by subsea robots is interoperable and accessible to heritage professionals worldwide. Additionally, ongoing dialogue between technology providers, regulators, and the archaeological community is anticipated to drive the development of new guidelines that address emerging challenges, such as the ethical use of AI-driven survey systems and the long-term stewardship of digital site records.

Challenges: Operational, Environmental, and Ethical Considerations

The deployment of subsea robotics for underwater archaeological surveying in 2025 faces a complex array of operational, environmental, and ethical challenges. As the technology matures and adoption increases, these considerations are becoming central to project planning and execution.

Operational Challenges remain significant. Underwater archaeological sites are often located in remote or hazardous environments, requiring robust and reliable robotic systems. Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) and Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) must contend with strong currents, low visibility, and variable seabed topography. Even leading manufacturers such as Saab and Oceaneering International continue to refine navigation, sensor integration, and real-time data transmission to address these issues. Battery life and endurance are also limiting factors, especially for deepwater missions, prompting ongoing research into energy-efficient propulsion and power management.

Environmental Considerations are increasingly scrutinized as subsea robotics become more prevalent. The operation of ROVs and AUVs can disturb sensitive marine habitats, particularly in areas with fragile benthic communities or protected species. Companies such as Kongsberg Maritime are developing quieter propulsion systems and non-invasive sensor payloads to minimize ecological impact. Additionally, there is a growing emphasis on compliance with international conventions such as the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage, which mandates the preservation of archaeological context and the avoidance of unnecessary disturbance.

Ethical Considerations are at the forefront of underwater archaeology. The use of advanced robotics enables access to previously unreachable sites, raising questions about the stewardship and ownership of submerged cultural heritage. There is ongoing debate regarding the balance between scientific discovery and the risk of looting or commercial exploitation. Industry bodies and organizations, including the International Maritime Organization, are working to establish best practices and codes of conduct for the responsible use of subsea robotics in archaeological contexts. Transparency, collaboration with local authorities, and adherence to ethical guidelines are increasingly required by funding agencies and regulatory bodies.

Looking ahead, the outlook for subsea robotics in underwater archaeological surveying is promising, but contingent on addressing these operational, environmental, and ethical challenges. The next few years are likely to see further technological innovation, tighter regulatory frameworks, and greater interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure that the exploration and preservation of underwater cultural heritage proceed responsibly and sustainably.

Investment, Funding, and Collaboration Initiatives

Investment and collaboration in subsea robotics for underwater archaeological surveying have accelerated into 2025, driven by the convergence of advanced robotics, increased interest in maritime heritage, and the need for non-invasive exploration methods. Funding is being channeled from both public and private sectors, with a notable emphasis on partnerships between technology developers, academic institutions, and cultural heritage organizations.

Key industry players such as Saab and Kongsberg Gruppen continue to invest in the development of remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) tailored for archaeological applications. Saab, through its Seaeye division, has expanded its portfolio of compact ROVs, which are increasingly deployed in archaeological missions due to their maneuverability and high-resolution imaging capabilities. Kongsberg Gruppen has similarly advanced its HUGIN AUV series, integrating sophisticated sonar and photogrammetry tools that are essential for mapping and documenting submerged sites.

Collaborative initiatives are a hallmark of the sector. The European Union’s Horizon Europe program continues to allocate grants for projects that combine robotics with cultural heritage preservation, fostering cross-border consortia that include technology firms, universities, and museums. In 2024 and 2025, several new consortia have formed, leveraging the expertise of robotics manufacturers and archaeological institutes to develop next-generation survey platforms. These partnerships are often structured to share both technological risk and intellectual property, accelerating the translation of research into field-ready solutions.

On the funding front, national research councils in countries with rich maritime histories—such as the UK, Norway, and Italy—have increased their support for underwater robotics projects. This is evident in the growing number of pilot programs and demonstration projects, many of which are conducted in collaboration with leading subsea technology suppliers like Teledyne Marine and Ocean Infinity. Teledyne Marine is recognized for its modular AUVs and imaging systems, while Ocean Infinity is known for deploying large fleets of robotic vehicles for deep-sea exploration, including archaeological surveys.

Looking ahead, the outlook for investment and collaboration remains robust. The sector is expected to benefit from continued public funding, especially as governments recognize the value of preserving underwater cultural heritage. Private investment is also projected to rise, particularly from companies seeking to commercialize dual-use technologies that serve both archaeological and industrial markets. The next few years are likely to see further integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning into subsea robotics, with collaborative frameworks ensuring that innovations are rapidly adopted in archaeological practice.

Future Outlook: Emerging Opportunities and Strategic Recommendations

The future of subsea robotics in underwater archaeological surveying is poised for significant advancement through 2025 and the following years, driven by rapid technological innovation, increased funding for heritage preservation, and growing collaboration between robotics manufacturers and archaeological institutions. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and advanced sensor technologies is expected to further enhance the capabilities of remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), enabling more precise, efficient, and non-invasive exploration of submerged cultural heritage sites.

Key industry players such as Saab, with its Seaeye line of ROVs, and Kongsberg Maritime, a leader in AUVs and subsea sensor systems, are actively developing next-generation platforms tailored for archaeological applications. These systems are increasingly equipped with high-resolution imaging sonar, laser scanning, and photogrammetry tools, allowing for detailed 3D mapping and documentation of underwater sites without disturbing fragile artifacts. Saab has recently demonstrated the use of its Sabertooth hybrid AUV/ROV in deepwater archaeological missions, highlighting the trend toward hybrid vehicles that combine the autonomy of AUVs with the dexterity of ROVs.

The adoption of modular, easily deployable robotic systems is also expected to accelerate, lowering operational costs and expanding access for smaller research teams and institutions. Companies like Blue Robotics are making significant strides in providing affordable, customizable subsea vehicles and components, democratizing access to advanced underwater survey technology. Meanwhile, Teledyne Marine continues to innovate in subsea imaging and navigation, supporting more accurate site localization and artifact recovery.

Strategically, the sector is likely to see increased partnerships between technology providers, academic institutions, and governmental heritage agencies. Initiatives such as the European Union’s Horizon Europe program are expected to channel funding into collaborative projects that leverage robotics for cultural heritage preservation. Furthermore, the development of standardized data formats and open-source software platforms will facilitate data sharing and long-term site monitoring, enhancing the scientific value of underwater archaeological surveys.

Looking ahead, the convergence of robotics, AI, and big data analytics will enable predictive modeling of site locations and automated anomaly detection, further streamlining the discovery and documentation process. As regulatory frameworks evolve to support responsible exploration, subsea robotics will play a pivotal role in safeguarding underwater cultural heritage, opening new opportunities for research, education, and sustainable tourism.

Sources & References

Meet the autonomous subsea robot capturing a $100 million market under the ocean

Watch this video on YouTube.

Subsea Robotics Revolutionizing Underwater Archaeological Surveying: 2025–2030 Market Outlook & Breakthroughs

ByQuinn Parker